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§³§Ñ§ß §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ã§Ü§à, §°§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ, §³§Ñ§ß §®§Ñ§ä§Ö§à §ç§à§ä§à§Õ!
§¢§Ú§Õ§ß§ï§ï§ã §ã§å§â§Ñ§Ý§è!
§¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý §ã§å§â§Ñ§ç §ß§î §ä§Ñ§ß§í §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§à§Ý, §Ü§Ñ§â§î§Ö§â§í§ß §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §é§å§ç§Ñ§Ý §Ñ§Ý§ç§Ñ§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à §Ô§ï§Õ§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Õ§à§Ô. §¢§Ú§Õ 1982 §à§ß§à§à§ã §ç§à§Û§ê 80 §Ô§Ñ§â§å§Û §à§â§ß§í §à§Ý§à§ß §å§Ý§ã§í§ß §à§ð§å§ä§ß§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Õ §ï§ß§ï §Ñ§Ý§ç§Ñ§Þ§í§Ô §ç§Ú§Û§ç§ï§Õ §ß§î §ä§å§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ø §Ú§â§ã§ï§ß.
§¡§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§Õ §ä§Ñ §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ü, §Þ§ï§â§Ô§ï§Ø§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß ?§Õ?§â §ä§å§ä§Þ§í§ß §à§â§é§Ú§ß§Õ ?§â §Õ?§ß§ä§ï§Û §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§è§Ñ§ç§í§Ô §ã§å§â§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à. §®§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Û §à§ð§å§ä§Ñ§ß §ä§Ñ §ç§Ñ§Þ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ã??§Ý§Ú§Û§ß ?§Ö§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ, §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§ç??§ß, §ã§å§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä§í§ß §ç?§ä?§Ý§Ò?§â??§ã §Ñ§ê§Ú§Ô §ä§å§ã §ç?§â§ä§ï§ç §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à. §®§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Û §Þ§ï§â§Ô§ï§Ø§Ý§Ú§Û§ß, §Ú§ç §Õ§ï§ï§Õ §ã§å§â§Ô§å§å§Ý§î§Õ §Ò§ï§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§ä§ß§å§å§Õ §à§ð§å§ä§ß§å§å§Õ§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§à§Õ§à§à §ç?§â§ï§ç, §à§Õ§Õ§í§ß §ä?§Ý?? §ç§Ñ§â§Ó§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ §ß§î §ä§å§ã§Ý§Ñ§ç §é§Ú§ß §ã§ï§ä§Ô§ï§Ý§ï§ï§ã§ï§ï §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô. §®§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Û §ã§Ñ§Û§ß §ä§à§ß§à§Ô§Ý§à§Ô§Õ§ã§à§ß §ä§à§ß§à§Ô §ä?§ç??§â?§Þ§Ø §ß§î §ä§Ñ§ß§í §ã§å§â§Ñ§Ý§è§Ñ§ç §ä§å§â§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ô§í§Ô §ã§Ñ§Û§Ø§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç §ä§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û §à§â§é§Ú§ß§Ô §Ò?§â§Õ??§Ý§Õ§ï§Ô.
§¢§Ú§Õ §Ò?§ç §ä?§Ó§ê§ß§Ú§Û §ã§å§â§Ñ§Ý§è§Ñ§Ô§é§Õ§Ñ§Õ §Ù§à§â§Ú§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §à§Ý§à§ß §ä?§â§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ã§å§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §®?§ß §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§Õ §ï§Ý§ã§ï§ç, §Ü§Ñ§â§î§Ö§â§Ñ§Ñ §Ñ§ç§Ú§å§Ý§Ñ§ç §ç?§ã§ï§Ý§ä§ï§Û §à§ð§å§ä§ß§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Õ TOEFL §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß TOEIC-§Õ §Ò§ï§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§ç §ã§å§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä§å§å§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô. §®§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Û §ï§â§Õ§Þ§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§à§Õ §Ù§à§â§Ú§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Û ESL §ã§å§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä §ß§î §à§ð§å§ä§ß§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§Û§ß §ã§å§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä§í§ß §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Õ §Ò§ï§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§ç, §Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Û §ä?§ß§ê §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ø, §Ú§ç §Õ§ï§ï§Õ §ã§å§â§Ô§å§å§Ý§î§Õ §ï§Ý§ã§ï§ß §à§â§à§ç §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§ï§Õ§Ý§ï§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §ê§Ñ§Ñ§â§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ç §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§à§ä§à§Û §ð§Þ. §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú§Û§ß §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú §ß§î §Ò?§â§ï§ß §Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ñ§ß §Ú§ä§Ô§ï§Þ§Ø§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß, §¬§Ñ§Ý§Ú§æ§à§â§ß§Ú §Þ§å§Ø§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ù?§Ó§ê??§â?§Ô§Õ§ã?§ß §Ò?§Ô??§Õ §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§à§ß§í §ç§å§å§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§Ñ§Ô§å§å §è§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §Ò§å§ã §à§ð§å§ä§ß§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ï§Ý§ã??§Ý§ï§ç §ï§â§ç§ä§ï§Û. §¢§Ú§Õ §ä§Ñ§ß§í §ä§Ñ§Ó §ä§å§ç§í§Ô §ç§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ç ??§Õ§ß§ï§ï§ã §³§Ñ§ß §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ã§Ü§à, §°§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ, §à§Õ§à§à §³§Ñ§ß §®§Ñ§ä§Ö§à §ç§à§ä§à§Õ §ç§Ú§é§ï§ï§Ý §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¡§ã§å§å§Ý§ä §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ §å§å? ?§ß??§Õ?§â §Ò§Ú§Õ§ï§ß§ä§ï§Û §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§Ô§Õ§à§à§â§à§Û!
§Á§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Õ ÑÇɫӰ¿âÊÓÆµ §Ô§ï§Ø?
- §´§à§ç§Ú§â§à§Þ§Ø§ä§à§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§â§ê§Ú§Ý
- 35 §Ô§Ñ§â§å§Û §Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ä§å§â§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û
- §¢?§â§ï§ß §Ú§ä§Ô§ï§Þ§Ø§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ã§ï§ß §ç?§ä?§Ý§Ò?§â??§Õ
- ESL §ã§å§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Ñ§â §Þ§ï§â§Ô§ï§ê§ã§ï§ß, §é§Ñ§Õ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ô, §ä§å§â§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ô§ê §ß§Ñ§â
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- §¢§à§Ý§à§Þ§Ø§Ú§Û§ß §ã§å§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä§í§ß §ä?§Ý§Ò?§â
- §¯§ï§ï§Ý§ä§ä§ï§Û §ï§Ý§ã§ï§Ý§ä (§¥§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô §Ò?§â §ï§ç§ï§Ý§ß§ï)
- §¬§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§Û§ß §Ù§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §ç?§ä?§Ý§Ò?§â??§Õ
- iBT & ITP TOEFL §ê§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä§í§ß §ä?§Ó
- §¢§Ñ§Û§ß§Ô§í§ß §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§è§Ñ§Ñ
"§°§ð§å§ä§ß§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Õ §ç§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§ç §ç§å§Ó§î §ç?§ß, §Ñ§ß§ç§Ñ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý §ç§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ø §ß§î ÑÇɫӰ¿âÊÓÆµ-§Ú§Û§Ô ?§Ó?§â§Þ?§è §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Õ§à§Ô §Ù?§Û§Ý §ð§Þ."
§£§Ñ§â§Ó§Ñ§â§Ñ §¬. | §°§â§à§ã
UC Hastings §ç§å§å§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §à§ð§å§ä§Ñ§ß
“ÑÇɫӰ¿âÊÓÆµ §Õ§Ñ§ç§î §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Û §ä§å§â§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ ?§ß§ï§ç§ï§ï§â §Ô§Ñ§Û§ç§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß! §¢§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Ñ§é§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ò§Ú §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ï§ï §ß§ï§Ý§ï§ï§Õ §ã§Ñ§Û§Ø§â§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß. §´§ï§â §Ò§à§Ý §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Û§ß ?§Ô§Ý?? §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §é §ç§Ú§é§ï§ï§Ý §Ò?§â§Ú§Û§Ô §ç?§Ô§Ø§Ú§Ý§ä§ï§Û, §ç§Ú§Û§ç§ï§Õ §ç§ñ§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§Õ§à§Ô §à§ß§è§Ô§à§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ô§ê §ð§Þ. §¢§Ú§Õ §¡§¯§µ-§í§ß §Ö§ã§Õ?§Ô§ï§ï§â §ä§à§Û§â§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ø §Ù§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ç §ê§Ñ§ä§ß§í §ê??§ç§ï§ï§â §Ñ§ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô §à§Ý§à§ß §Ô§Ñ§Û§ç§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û ?§Û§Ý §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ß§å§å§Õ§í§Ô §ç§Ú§Û§ã§ï§ß. §®?§ß §Ò§Ú §Õ§ï§Ý§ç§Ú§Û§ß ?§ß§è?§Ô §Ò§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §Ò?§â§ï§ï§ã §à§Ý§à§ß §ã§à§ß§Ú§â§ç§à§Ý§ä§à§Û §ç?§Þ??§ã, §ß§Ñ§Û§Ù §ß?§ç?§Õ§ä§ï§Û §å§å§Ý§Ù§ã§Ñ§ß. §¢§Ú ÑÇɫӰ¿âÊÓÆµ-§Õ §è§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô ?§ß§ï§ç§ï§ï§â §ã§Ñ§Û§ç§Ñ§ß ?§ß§Ô?§â??§Ý§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¢§Ú§Õ§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §Õ§ï§Þ§Ø§Ú§Ø, §Þ§Ñ§ê §ã§Ñ§Û§ß ?§Û§Ý§é§Ú§Ý§Ô§ï§ï ?§Ù??§Ý§ã§ï§ß§Õ §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§Ý §Ú§Ý§ï§â§ç§Ú§Û§Ý§î§Ö. §¹§Ñ§ß§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Û, §Ò§à§Ý§à§Þ§Ø§Ú§Û§ß ?§ß§ï§ï§â §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §Ü§å§â§ã §ç§Ñ§Û§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §ç§ï§ß §Ò?§ç§ï§ß§Õ §Ò§Ú ÑÇɫӰ¿âÊÓÆµ-§Ô §Ù?§Ó§Ý?§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ."
§¡§Ü§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §¡. | §¬§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ç§ã§ä§Ñ§ß
UC Berkeley §Ú§ç §ã§å§â§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ä?§Ô§ã?§ç §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §à§ð§å§ä§Ñ§ß
“§¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú§Û§ß §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§Õ (ÑÇɫӰ¿âÊÓÆµ) §ã§å§â§Ñ§Ý§è§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Ñ§â §ê§Ú§Û§Õ§ã§ï§ß §Þ§Ú§ß§î §Ò§å§â§å§å §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§Ñ§ß §Ô§ï§Ø §Ò§Ú §ç§ï§Ù§ï§ï §é §Ò§à§Õ§à§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Ô?§Û. §¿§ß§ï §ã§å§â§Ô§å§å§Ý§î§Õ §à§â§ã§ß§à§à§ã §ç§à§Û§ê §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý §Þ§Ñ§Ñ§ß§î §ã§Ñ§Û§Ø§Ú§â§é, §ã§Ñ§Û§Ø§Ú§â§é §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¢§Ñ§Ô§ê §ß§Ñ§â §Þ§ï§â§Ô§ï§Ø§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ç?§Þ??§ã. §´§ï§Õ §Þ§Ñ§ê §ã§Ñ§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Ô§ê§Ý§Ñ§ç §é§Ñ§Õ§Ó§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Û. §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú §ç§ï§Ý §å§Û§ä§Ô§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§ç§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ã§à§ß §ð§Þ §ê§Ú§Ô §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¢§Ú §à§Õ§à§à §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Ñ§â §ñ§â§Ú§ç, §å§ß§ê§Ú§ç, §ã§à§ß§ã§à§ç, §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§ç §é§Ñ§Õ§Ó§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Ñ §Ú§ä§Ô§ï§Ý§ä§ï§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.”
§±§Ñ§Ý§à§ß§Ô§á§à§ß §³. | §´§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ
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